Forecast

Dear Ms. Jones: In request to acquire the estimate for the fifth year we needed to assemble and dissect the information of the four earlier years in your organization. The pattern (information acting with a similar recurrence throughout the years) that was found was the accompanying: The starting a very long time of the year are the ones with higher deals. As the months pass by, deals keep diminishing until December, where deals return up once more. Presently, let me clarify how we had the option to show up to this end. To begin with, we determined the normal interest by including all the deals of every one of the four years and partitioning them by the quantity of months (48). At that point, we concocted the proportion by partitioning the deals of every period by the normal interest. The occasional record is then gotten by getting the normal of that month proportions of every one of the four years. For instance, the normal of all the 4 January proportions. The occasional list is a normal that can be utilized to contrast a real perception relative with what it would be on the off chance that we there were no occasional variety. We show up to the occasional figure by isolating the deals by the occasional record. At that point we get the pattern line by including the capture in addition to the x-variable and duplicating that by every period. The pattern conjecture is the thing that will show you the standard pattern of the years. That is acquired by duplicating the pattern line times the occasional file. Here’s a preview of the pattern of the what the fifth year would resemble: And here is another diagram demonstrating the pattern of the four earlier years: As you can tell, the business conduct rehashes itself consistently. This pattern is by all accounts reliable. In any case, I should caution you that the p-esteem (rate imperfect) in the synopsis yield is altogether higher than . 06, (it is a. 404056) and this implies this conjecture isn't truly solid. I additionally determined the rate blunders; the supreme rate mistake (MAPE) is 3. 85%. This mistake was determined by partitioning the supreme blunder (which we got by deducting the pattern conjecture from the deals and utilizing the outright estimation of that), by the deals, and afterward getting the level of all the total rate blunders. I trust this encourages you comprehend the pattern of your deals consistently. The most significant thing for you to recognize is where you are having higher deals the potential reasons why those business decline as the years reaches a conclusion.

Nursing And Diabetes Essay Example for Free

Nursing And Diabetes Essay Patients with diabetes need to comprehend what diabetes is. Patients who comprehend what diabetes is and the convoluted procedure related with the ailment are bound to consent to the endorsed routine. Diabetes Mellitus is a condition with disarranged digestion and unseemly hyperglycemia because of either a lack of insulin discharge or to a blend of insulin opposition and insufficient insulin emission to redress (Davis, 2001). Diabetes is a ceaseless dynamic ailment that requires way of life changes, particularly in the regions of nourishment and physical action. The general objective of clinical and dietary treatment is to help people with diabetes in making self-coordinated social changes that will improve their general wellbeing (Franz, 2012). Blood glucose checking and objectives of blood glucose observing Testing blood glucose levels pre-supper and post-dinner can assist the patient with diabetes settle on better food decisions, in view of how their bodies are reacting to explicit nourishments. Patients ought to be instructed explicit bearings for acquiring a sufficient blood test and how to manage the numbers that they get. Research has discovered that patients who have had training on the utilization of their meters and how to decipher the information are bound to perform self-blood glucose observing all the time (Franz, 2012). There are a wide range of glucose screens accessible for patients. The patient needs to have a gadget that is simple for them to utilize and helpful. A patient’s visual sharpness and expertise abilities ought to be evaluated preceding choosing a blood glucose observing gadget. A gadget is generally chosen to meet the patient’s needs in a joint effort with a diabetic instructor at a social insurance office. The patient should be reminded to record the blood glucose esteems on a log sheet with the date and time and any related signs and side effects that he/she is encountering at the time the example was acquired. This log ought to be imparted to his/her essential consideration professional. A conversation of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) ought to incorporate the purposes behind doing the test, how it is performed and how the medicinal services professional will decipher the information. These lab tests are requested on a standard premise alongside other research center tests that are being checked for the patient. A straightforward strategy to portray the HbA1c is to tell the patient that the test gauges the measure of sugar that connects to the protein in the red platelet. The test shows the normal glucose during the most recent three months. The higher the glucose the higher the HbA1c. The high glucose over an extensive stretch of time makes harm the enormous and little veins thusly expanding the danger of complexities from diabetes. Prescriptions and Insulin The patient with diabetes should be helped that the expansion to remember meds to help deal with his/her diabetes isn't on the grounds that they are coming up short at diet the executives. Numerous patients with diabetes become discouraged or melancholy when they need to start taking oral hyperglycemic drugs and additionally insulin. The training meeting ought to incorporate a survey of the various kinds of oral diabetic operators. An audit of the various sorts of insulins and how to blend insulins ought to likewise be examined. Show the patient self-organization of insulin or oral specialists as recommended, and the significance of taking prescriptions precisely as endorsed, in the suitable portion (Davis, 2001). Patients ought to be furnished with a rundown of signs and indications of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia and moves to make in every circumstance. Complexities from Diabetes The educating with respect to the intricacies experienced from diabetes should pressure the impact of blood glucose control on long haul wellbeing (McGovern, 2002). The patient ought to be instructed how to deal with their diabetes when he/she has a minor ailment, for example, a cool, influenza or gastrointestinal infection. The patient ought to likewise be instructed how to look for diabetic consequences for the cardiovascular framework, for example, cerebrovascular occurrences/stroke, coronary vein sickness, and fringe vascular ailment. Patients ought to be instructed how to be alert for indications of urinary tract, respiratory tract contaminations and indications of renal malady. Appraisal for indications of diabetic neuropathy ought to likewise be remembered for the instructing plan. Diabetes is the main source of death by sickness in the United States, it additionally is a contributing element in about half of myocardial areas of dead tissue and about 75% of strokes just as renal disappointment and fringe vascular ailment. Diabetes is likewise the main source of new visual impairment (McGovern, 2002). Patients with diabetes ought to likewise get instruction on the significance of smoking suspension, cholesterol and lipid the board, circulatory strain observing and the board and the board of other infection forms. Skin and Foot Care Show the patient to think about his feet by washing them every day, drying them cautiously especially between the toes, and reviewing for corns, calluses, redness, expanding, wounds, rankles, and breaks in the skin. The patient ought to be urged to report any progressions to his/her medicinal services supplier as quickly as time permits. Encourage the patient to wear non-contracting shoes and to abstain from strolling shoeless. The patient may use over-the-counter athlete’s foot solutions for fix foot parasitic diseases and ought to be urged to call their medicinal services supplier if the athlete’s foot doesn’t improve (McGovern, 2002). The patient ought to be reminded that he/she needs to treat all wounds, cuts and rankles especially on the legs or feet cautiously. Patients ought to know that foot issues are a typical issue for patients with diabetes. Illuminating them regarding what to search for is a significant educating concern. The signs and manifestations of foot issues to underline are: feet that are chilly, blue or dark in shading, feet that are warm and red in shading, foot growing, foot torment while resting or with movement, powerless heartbeats in the feet, not feeling torment in spite of the fact that there is a cut or sore on the foot, gleaming smooth skin on the feet and lower legs Exercise and Diabetes A moderate weight reduction of ten to twenty pounds has been known to improve hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. The objective for body weight for patients with diabetes depends on a sensible or solid body weight. â€Å"Reasonable body weight is the weight an individual and human services proficient recognize as attainable and viable, both present moment and long haul (Franz, 2012, p.8).† More accentuation is currently positioned on abdomen boundary, instead of on real weight. An abdomen outline more prominent than 40 crawls in men and more prominent than 35 creeps in ladies shows a hazard for metabolic infection. This is currently some portion of what is alluded to as metabolic disorder. Diminishing stomach fat improves insulin affectability just as lipid profiles. The advantages from practice result from normal, long haul, and oxygen consuming activity. Exercise used to expand muscle quality is a significant methods for saving and expanding solid quality and continuance and is valuable in assisting with forestalling falls and increment versatility among the older (Franz, 2012). Normal exercise can improve the working of the cardiovascular framework, improve quality and adaptability, improve lipid levels, improve glycemic control, help decline weight, and improve personal satisfaction and confidence. Exercise expands the cell glucose take-up by expanding the quantity of cell receptors. The accompanying focuses ought to be considered in instructing patients with respect to starting an activity program. Exercise program must be individualized and developed gradually. Insulin is all the more quickly consumed when infused into an appendage that is worked out, along these lines can bring about hypoglycemia (Ferri, 1999). Patients should be educated that activity regarding a high power can likewise cause blood glucose levels to be higher after exercise than previously, despite the fact that blood glucose levels are in the typical range before starting activity. This hyperglycemia can likewise stretch out into the post-practice state and is intervened by the counter-administrative hormones (Franz, 2012, p. 62). The activity program ought to incorporate a five to ten moment warm-up and chill off meeting. The warm-up builds center internal heat level and forestalls muscle injury and the chill off meeting forestalls blood pooling in the furthest points and encourages evacuation of metabolic results. Research contemplates appear there are comparable cardiorespiratory advantages that happen when action is done in shorter meetings, (roughly 10 minutes) collected for the duration of the day than in movement meetings of delayed meetings (more prominent than 30 minutes) (Franz, 2012). This is a significant factor to stress with patients who don’t think they have the opportunity and vitality for work out. Diet and Diabetes The American Diabetes Association (ADA) has built up nourishing rules for patients with diabetes. Their attention is on accomplishing ideal metabolic results identified with glycemia, lipid profiles, and pulse levels. Patients with diabetes need to keep up a sound eating regimen comprising of different servings of organic products, vegetables, entire grains, low-fat dairy items, fish, lean meats, and poultry (Franz, 2012). The trade diet of the ADA incorporates protein, bread, organic product, milk, and low and halfway starch vegetables (Ferri, 1999). The food/dinner plan depends on the individual’s hunger, favored nourishments, and normal timetable of food admission and exercises, and social inclinations. Assurance of caloric needs shifts extensively among people, and depends on present weight and current degree of vitality. Required calories are around 40 kcal/kg or 20 kcal/lb every day for grown-ups with ordinary action designs (Davis, 2001). Accentuation ought to likewise be put on keeping up a predictable everyday starch consumption at dinners and tidbit

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Kellogg is More Than a Marketing School

Blog Archive Friday Factoid Kellogg is More Than a Marketing School As we all know, Kellogg is just a marketing school, right? Actually, no. A quick glance at the  schools most recent employment report  (click on the function tab) reveals that 40% of its Class of 2012 accepted jobs in consulting, and only 20% went into marketing, its second most popular functional area.  Yes, McKinsey Company,  BCG, Bain Company, Deloitte and Accenture  were the school’s top hirers in 2012.   Kellogg students credit their management labsâ€"wherein first-year students work on a consulting project and are mentored by consultants from leading firms (before their summer internships)â€"with preparing them for success in their internships and full-time positions. Meanwhile, a variety of other hands-on experiences are also available, including the “Global Lab” (students work with an international firm), “Advanced Topics in Marketing” (students analyze a marketing issue and present it to management) and “Leading the Mission Driven Organization” (students off er management expertise to nonprofits).  Not to worry, thoughâ€"if you are interested in marketing, Kellogg still has ample resources for you. Share ThisTweet Friday Factoids Northwestern University (Kellogg)

Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning disabilities are discriminated against in the criminal justice system( prison.) Free Essay Example, 3250 words

below the age of 18 years) are examined to be suffering from mental illness in terms of communication difficulties which are often attributed as a cause of learning disabilities. Similarly, almost 70% of the adult offenders are observed as facing problems due to learning disabilities which are recorded to be either a lifetime syndrome, or caused owing to alcohol and/or drug abuse (Talbot, 2012). According to UNODC (2009), â€Å"persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others† (pp. 43). Certainly, the qualities and uniqueness possessed by people with certain disabilities tend to present a significant challenge to the judiciary when dealing with legal issues where either the prisoner or the victim is examined to suffer from disabilities. According to Maguire & et. al. (2012), irrespective of the fact that offenders are suffering from any kind of disability or not they should be primarily considered as offenders or criminals, who are convicted for performing illegal acts. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning disabilities are discriminated against in the criminal justice system( prison.) or any topic specifica lly for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Thus, the consideration that the offender is suffering from learning disability should be a sole concern of ‘individual resolution’. Influenced by this particular phenomenon, the viewpoints often considered by various jurisdictions differ when treating prisoners with learning disabilities. Contextually, Maguire & et. al. (2012) argues that greater attention towards such psychological aspects is quite likely to lead to lacunas in the demanded appropriateness in the justice rendered. However, witnessing the jurisdiction practices in the practical scenario, criminology experts were able to observe a certain degree of confusion or rather ambiguity persisting among the concerned judiciaries when interpreting and implementing the policy measures for criminals with special needs (Stout & et. al. , 2008). Not only during the jurisdiction of the offenders with learning disabilities, but certain degree of challenges are also witnessed when treating the offenders in prison. As per the study of Talbot (2008), around 20% to 30% of the entire population in prison are examined to suffer from learning disabilities. The offenders are hereby observed to possess different types of learning disorders which are majorly categorised as Intelligence Quotient (IQ) related problems or as dyslexia. A similar picture was also observed in the context of Irish prison where around 28.8% of the entire population in prison were observed to suffer from learning disabilities (Murphy & et.

The Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus - 1755 Words

Even though there are many studies that highlight the damaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in utero. The effects of maternal use of the aforementioned illicit drugs is less studied, partially because they are used less frequently. It is important, however, that as a population, we become more educated about these drugs and the potentially life threatening outcomes for babies in utero. Four percent of women in the United States have reported using drugs during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, Hurd, 2009). Ac cording to records, marijuana is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). Of the four percent of women who claimed that they used a drug during their pregnancy, 75% of those individuals labeled marijuana as their drug of choice (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). The percentage of users during pregnancy jumps to 7% when users included the times they used marijuana while breastfeeding (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2011). Genetics plays a role in how maternal cannabis intake canShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. It is important to be able to have access to all types of resources, know how to interpret the information they are providing, educate the patient , and put it into practice in order to put an end to issues like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. One of the issues thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdefects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. Substances such as air pollution, pesticides and mercury, as well as tobacco, alcohol and drugs are reported as having environmental and subjective teratogenic properties. Airborne particle matter small enough to penetrate human respiratory tracts are referred to as air pollutants; environmental teratogens. â€Å"The bulk of all air pollutionRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 Pagesduring pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrimental effects for the developing fetus. Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the leadingRead MoreThe Responsibility of Becoming Parents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical health. The pregnant woman should not just ensure that the pregnancy affect her adversely, but also that she does not affect her baby’s prenatal adversely. The parent is the only route which different environmental factors can enter the fetus. Additionally, she is also the most critical environment that can severely affect the child prenatal development, which will later have some alarming consequences on the child’s postnatal and adult life. What the mother do during her pregnancy affectsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancy canRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreAlcohol Use For Disease Control And Prevention1446 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy.† CDC. 17 April 2014. We b. 20 April 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. The article suggests that â€Å"women also should not drink alcohol if they are sexually active and do not use effective contraception (birth control). This is because a women might get pregnant and expose her baby to alcohol before the mother knows she is pregnant.Read MoreThe Conception Process Of A Sperm Cell1709 Words   |  7 Pagesoffspring intertwine but do not join. The Fetal period: Lasting about seven months. The fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounces. The fetus begins to move, the extremities are distinguishable, during the fourth month and the sixth month the fetus would be almost formed I would have gained another half-pound to a pound. An irregular breathing movements occur. After the 25 weeks of conception, the fetus would have a chance of surviving outside the womb. However, it may need some help forRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 Pagesmany types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-education should provided to women to inform them of the cause and effects of substance abuse. One major substance

The Tragic Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare

Tragic plays involve the fall of one or more characters, specifically the main character, and causes a viewer to feel sorrow, pity, or similar feelings for them. Of Antigone and Macbeth, Macbeth is the more tragic of the two because Macbeth overall includes more tragic events and creates a greater atmosphere of pity and sorrow, especially in the introduction and middle of the plays, than Antigone features. At first, while both plays are building up the beginnings of tragedy, Macbeth’s greater share of tragic events would make it considered more tragic. On one hand, in Macbeth, Macbeth’s soliloquies reveal the depth of his reluctance to kill the king, as well as revealing the good of the king in his eyes. â€Å"...† Despite the end for which this supplies the means, Macbeth is truly troubled as he murders king Duncan, so his assassination of the king both condemns his conscience and hurls Duncan into death. On the other hand, in Antigone, the introduction is simply an introduction, with almost no element of tragedy in it. Although Antigone is caught giving her brother the forbidden rites and sentenced to death, there is not yet any trace of pity invoked for any character. Antigone still faces her persecution defiantly, taking a bold stand, just as Creon does the same with his line of reasoning. â€Å"...† In contrast, Macbeth appears to be a somewhat broken m an, with the heavy burden of guilt on his shoulders, and Duncan’s murder gives rise to a feeling of sorrow for the betrayed king.Show MoreRelatedThe Tragic Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagescourse, your absolute power is a God-given right. The iconic tragedy Macbeth is arguably one of the most recognised literary works of William Shakespeare, centered on the idea of illegitimate power. Throughout the text, Shakespeare explores the destructive nature of power through various representations and characters, conveying an unceasing struggle for power amongst the main protagonists that causes devastating consequences. Though Shakespeare conveys many different representations regarding the natureRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesA Greek philosopher named Aristotle once said, Tragedy is an imitation not of men but of a life, and action†¦. Aristotle is famous for his theory of tragedy. His definition of tragedy applies to William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. The play is about a hero who reaches a high position in the play and then falls because of his choices. Macbeth is a tragic hero according to Aristotle s aspects that make a tragedy. Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect character, he appears in the play in a highRead MoreGerald Deocariza Iii. Mrs. Jardine. English 3, Period 4.1161 Words   |  5 PagesJardine English 3, Period 4 18 January 2017 The Shakespearean Ways of a Tragic Hero Do all villains everywhere start in a terribly dark life? No, some heroes become corrupted because of their abilities as heroes. These types of heroes become tragic heroes, who destine for a serious downfall and set as the protagonists of a dramatic tragedy. A tragic hero gets For example, William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Tragedy of Macbeth to show Macbeth’s uprisings and downfalls. Macbeth’s downfall resultsRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare charts the rise and fall of the Scottish general Macbeth, through a tale of treachery, deceit and death. First performed in 1606 ‘Macbeth’ is inspired by a story of the Scottish monarchy. A tragic hero is one who at the outset is not wholly good or bad but has a character fault that causes them to make tragic mistakes resulting in their eventual downfall. ‘Macbeth’ is a renaissanceRead MoreWhat Are The Similarities Between Macbeth And Othello1267 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is the playwright in which the works of Macbeth and Othello are written . These works are both written in Shakespeares signature style of tragedy where a character experiences a reversal of fortune at the hands of their own actions. A true tragic hero is a character who is admired while being flawed; has both good and evil characteristics; experiences a hamartia, a moral mistake or ignorant error; is given an opportunity for redemption yet continues refusing; experiences theRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero717 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth - The Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero.   The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth.   A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways.   He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society.   A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortune’s Wheel, but land upRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure . The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero956 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a Tragic Hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killedRead MoreEssay on Definitions of a Tragedy: Shakespeares and Aristotles1182 Words   |  5 PagesIn writing a tragedy, there are certain standards and guidelines to which an author or playwright must follow. One such standard is the Aristotelian definition of tragedy and the tragic hero. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth is a perfect mold of an Aristotelian Tragedy. It displays all eight aspects of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. It is set mainly in Scotland, but briefly in England during the ele venth century. It illuminates the ideal plot, in which the action of the story, orRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis953 Words   |  4 Pagescan affect you in the long run and can easily contribute to a downfall. Macbeth was fully aware of the choices he made with the inhumane torture and disrespect he had on the citizens of Scotland. Being a tragic hero is when one experiences an immense tragedy which leads to a downfall, but Macbeth never had a tragedy because his death originated from the choices he made and reactions he had while he had authority as king. Macbeth being selfish and only caring about himself creates an undeserving and

Motivating and Leading Across Borders †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Motivating and Leading Across Borders. Answer: Introduction Traditional boundaries are disappearing and competition in business now springs from any corner of the world thus businesses have to become more global to take advantage of international markets. While this brings with it opportunities, it also presents some complexities which require new ways of thinking and managing (Beechler andJavidan, 2007).In todays global business environment, it is crucial that all leaders understand how to manage across different cultures. Different cultures determine the way of managing and of doing business. There is no one best way of managing and sometimes, the best universal management practices have failed (Trompenaars andHampden-Turner, 1997 p3). International managers have challenges operating on different premises from their own culture of origin, to the culture of the place they are working and also the organization culture where they are working. They must learn to adapt the organization to manage working in diverse multicultural groups. Leadershi p and culture are interconnected and leaders are in fact the main influencers of culture (Schein, 2010 p1). This paper will discuss leading and motivating diverse people across borders in global organizations. Diversity can be viewed as recognizing, acknowledging, accepting and appreciating the differences that are there between people and then accept value and celebrate them. These differences may relate to gender, age, race, gender, class, sexual orientation, religious practice, culture, physical abilities or disabilities and others (Bedi, Lakra, Gupta, 2014 p103). Diversity is a challenge in modern day work places and this means all employees must be equipped with necessary skills needed to work in a cultural diverse work place. The managers have a more difficult task of appreciating and valuing multicultural differences in the people they manage and other stake holders and ensure everybody is treated with dignity. They therefore must be culturally competent in order to manage the challenges of diversity well and make the best out of diverse cultures. Diversity is increasing becoming an important factor in businesses as companies become more global and employees more diverse. Organizations that are more inclusive are likely to benefit more from diverse ideas and creativity from different people thus gain a competitive advantage (Pitts Recascino, 2010 p45). Managing diversity is an important skill in people management and it helps increase employee productivity (Bedi et al., 2014 p104). Diversity therefore has to be properly managed if any organization is to enjoy its benefits. Managing Diversity Management of diversity is a challenging task yet very important especially for companies that have operations across borders (Bartlett and Paul, 2011 p3). Some changes may have to be effected in order to accommodate the needs of different people for them to contribute to the best of their potential for the benefit of an organization in the global business set up. Organizations must formulate strategies and practices that accommodate diverse people to be well positioned to meet the demands of the global workplace. Effective leaders need to start to align the culture of the organization with the diverse cultures of people in the organization. By use of good management practices, organizations will be in a position to reap maximum benefits that accrue from diversity. They need to value all employees so that they feel free to contribute to the achievement of company goals. Globalization means that all managers must learn how to manage diversity as it will only continue to increase at the work place in the future (Okoro Washington, 2012 p57). Peoples differences in the world today are reflected in the global work place today. Managing this diverse work force then becomes a critical component of human resource management. Managers must therefore possess these skills and be culturally competent in order to be tolerant of individual uniqueness and take advantage of these differences for productivity and unique solutions to business problems. Organizations need to invest in the training of all employees and managers for them to be culturally competent. This equips them with necessary skills that help them function properly in a diverse work environment (Mujtaba, 2007 p210). Motivating and Leading across Borders While domestic leaders deal with individual employees from the domestic country, the global leaders have to deal with employees from different countries (Hollenbeck, 2001 p16). The global leader needs to have more skills than what is familiar in the home country. The leader must be able to overcome the national differences and be able to embrace best practice from all over the globe. Businesses therefore need a model that can integrate national schemes and that is crucial for the recruitment and training of effective global leaders and their retention (Morrison, 2000 p120). There is increased challenges in global leadership and thus need to have leaders who are culturally understanding. The background characteristics of an individual and organization including identity, behavior, perceptions and attitudes all have an influence on business success. Conflicts arising out of the differences may stop an organization from operating efficiently (Egan Bendick, 2008 p389). The leader needs to have more knowledge across national and organization boundaries. The leader also has to consider the many stakeholders while making business decisions (Bird Osland, 2004 p4). Bingham, Felin, Black (2000) provide some characteristics of a global leader as suggested by the former CEO of Procter Gamble, John Pepper. These include ability to deal with uncertainty, to know the customers, have a good balance between being effective globally and having proper local responsiveness and being able to respond to diversity. Mendenhall Oslands (2002) in their survey classified the main competencies of a global leader in to six which included cross-cultural skills, business expertise, organizing expertise, vision, cognitive and traits and values. These skills are summarized in the table below. Goldsmith, Greenberg, Robertson Hu-Chan (2003) in their survey of 28 CEOs classified global leadership competencies in to 12 dimensions which included appreciating diversity, empowerment and developing people among others. Most of the literature in books identifies team leadership and management of diversity as key competencies of an effective global leader today. It is thus clear that leaders have to show interest and respect other peoples culture and their different views, show genuine interest in and enjoy the way they live and do things and get along well with them. Various studies on organizations show that they have there are two cultures within every organization, the first being the culture of the system and the second being the organization culture (Berrell, Gloet Wright, 2001 p84). National culture also impacts on the management of organizations in international markets. Leaders need to know of the impact the national culture has on their management behavior as it greatly affects the way they lead. Although intangible, culture greatly influences the management practices and processes in organizations. Global leaders can no longer ignore the global complexities and replace it with assumed universalism and assume only one best way to manage (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p3). Culture influences the way a leader relates with the followers (Yukl, 2006 p11). Culture may be defined as the way the mind programmed which differentiates between members of one community from another (Hofstede, 1994 p1). There may exist universal management principles but each different culture has a different management style that is influenced by the culture. The culture and values of a certain country will determine the expected leadership characteristics for that particular country. Successful leaders need to act in culturally acceptable ways to be accpted (Javidan Carl, 2004 p667). Global leaders agree that effective management of human resources is important for business success (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p11). They also agree that they will have to generate employment opportunities and business revenues from other markets outside of their organizations home countries. To be successful, they must develop global strategies for managing and motivating the human resources and thus business success and profits. An evolution of global human resources management has therefore evolved recently. Global strategies of managing people and culture helps in understanding how national and ethnic cultures influence the way organizations function. The impact of culture on organizations has led to evolution of organizations and different approaches in managing people as shown in the figure below. There is rise in demand for culturally sensitive managers and practices within organizations. Successful global companies consider nationality and ethnicity as critical components of segmentation. Culture differences in this case become one of the critical factors of competitive advantage. The products and services in a global company must be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner to each of the diverse customers across the world. The ability to effectively manage cross-cultural interactions and multi-national teams is crucial for overall organization success. Global human resource management strategies that are effective are now very important for global companies survival and success (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p13). World business continues to demand for mangers who can work with people from different countries other than where they come from. Cross cultural management shows how people work in those originations that have employees and customers from diverse parts of the world and different cultures. This management seeks to improve the interactions of the mangers, the employees, the customers, the suppliers and all other stakeholders from other countries and cultures across the world. Individuals are challenges to recognize and appreciate other peoples ways of working as ignoring could lead to serious consequences (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p14). Globalization requires that the human resource function in any organization has to respond to the changing organization needs with strategies that add greater value. It is important for multicultural organizations to have knowledge on the global business trends, culture sensitivity, and local employment policies among other areas. Effective global HRM policies are increasing becoming important (Friedman, 2007 p 158). Best practices sometimes do not yield results in some other cultures (Graham and Trevor 2000 p137). There are several theories of motivation that have been developed over time. These theories portray the cultural environment in which they were formulated and may to some extent not apply to other countries. Some of the theories of motivation include Maslows, McClelland, Herzberg and Vroom. These theories need to be looked at from a culture-conscious perspective to evaluate which ones work for which cultures. The result is that some theories seem to be more applicable in some cultures more than others (Hofstede, 1980). Global leaders have to consider the differences in the people they are managing if they are to motivate them. They cannot use knowledge from traditionally applicable theories in organizations but must continue to question this knowledge and its current application in global companies. Only when they do this will they gain the highest benefits of a motivated diverse team leading to the success of their firms. Conclusion Globalization has brought with it business opportunities at the same time challenges. The opportunities include new markets for the firms and thus new customers and profits. Some of the challenges include being able to handle the diversity of people from different backgrounds and cultures. If handled well, diversity can bring advantages to a firm by bringing in new and innovative ways of solving organization problems thus success. If not well handled, it could lead to misunderstandings and conflict. Organizations are thus demanding that global leaders have a global mindset and that they possess key competencies in being able to effectively handle diversity from employees, customers and other stakeholders. These leaders must have the ability to acknowledge and appreciate differences in people and have genuine interest in valuing these differences. This ensures that diversity becomes an asset to organizations and they can get the maximum benefits that arise from a diverse ideas and bus iness solutions. This paper has discussed diversity, the management of diversity and leading and motivating people across borders. References Adler, N. (2007) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, 5th ed., South-Western College Publishing. Adler, N. Gundersen, A. (2007). International DimensionsofOrganizational Behavior. Thomson Learning. Bartlett, CA. and Paul WB. (2011).Transnational Management: Text Cases and Readings in Cross Border Management.6th ed.Burr Ridge, IL:McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bedi, P., Lakra, P. and Gupta, E. (2014). Workforce Diversity Management: Biggest Challenge or Opportunity for 21st Century Organizations.Journal of Business and Management,16(4), 102-107. Beechler, S. and Javidan, M. (2007).Leading with a Global Mindset. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.131 169. Berrell,M., Gloet,M and Wright, P. (2002) Organisational Learning in International Joint Ventures: Implications for Management Development. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 21 Issue: 2, pp.83-100. Bird, A. and Osland,JS. (2004). Global Competencies: AnIntroduction. Blackwell Publishing Egan, ML. and Bendick M. (2008). Combining MulticulturalManagementandDiversityinto One Course on Cultural Competence. Journal ofManagementLearning Education. Friedman, BA. (2007). Globalization Implications for Human Resource Management Roles. Employ Respons Rights J ,19:157171. Friedman, TL. (2005). The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Goldsmith, M., Greenberg, C. L., Robertson, A., Hu-Chan, M. (2003). Global leadership: The Next Generation. Prentice-Hall. Graham, ME., Trevor, CO. (2000). Managing New Pay Program Introduction to Enhance the Competitiveness of Multinational Corporations (MNCS). Competitiveness Review, 10(1), 136154. Hofstede, G. (1994). The Business of International Business is Culture. International Business Review Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. l-14. Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9, 4263. Hollenbeck, GP.(2001). A Serendipitous Sojourn through the Global Leadership Literature, In (Ed.)Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 2)Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.15 47. Javidan, M., Carl, D. (2004). East Meets West: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Charismatic Leadership among Canadian and Iranian Executives. Journal of Management Studies, 41(4), 665691. Morrison, AJ.(2000). Developing a Global Leadership Model. Human Resource Management; Hoboken 39.2,3 117-131. Mujtaba, B. (2007).Workforce Diversity Management: Challenges, Competencies and Strategies(pp. 207-229). Llumina Press. Okoro, E. Washington, M. (2012). Workforce Diversity and Organizational Communication: Analysis of Human Capital Performance and Productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), 57. Pitts, D. Recascino Wise, L. (2010). Workforce Diversity in the New Millennium: Prospects for Research.Review of public personnel administration,30(1), 44-69. Schein, EH. (2010). Organizational Cultureand Leadership. Jossey-Bass. Trompenaars, F.and Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). RidingtheWavesofCulture UnderstandingCulturalDiversityinBusiness. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall.

Inflation Essays (619 words) - Inflation, Hyperinflation

Inflation Hyperinflation The term hyperinflation refers to a very rapid, very large increase in the price level. Measurement problems will be too minor to notice on this scale. There is no strict formal definition for the term, but cases of hyperinflation tend to be expressed in terms of multiples rather than percentages. For example, in Germany between January 1922 and November 1923 (less than two years!) the average price level increased by a factor of about 20 billion. Some representative examples of hyperinflation include Hyperinflation 1922 Germany 5,000% 1985 Bolivia *10,000% 1989 Argentina 3,100% 1990 Peru 7,500% 1993 Brazil 2,100% 1993 Ukraine 5,000% These quotations from other web pages are given mainly as examples of what people have in mind when they talk about hyperinflation, and I cannot say just how accurate the figures are. In any case, figures for the purchasing power lost in hyperinflations can only be rough estimates. Numismatics (coin and currency collecting) gives some examples of just how far hyperinflations can go: an information page for currency collectors tells us that, in the Hungarian hyperinflation after World War II, bills for one hundred million trillion pengos were issued (the pengo was the Hungarian currency unit) and bills for one billion trillion pengos were printed but never issued. (I'm using American terms here -- the British express big numbers differently). The story behind the German hyperinflation illustrates how all hyperinflations have come about, and is of particular interest in itself. After World War I, Germany had a democratic government, but little stability. A general named Kapp decided to make himself dictator, and marched his troops and militias into Berlin in an attempted coup d'etat known as the Kapp Putsch. However, the German people resisted this attempt at dictatorship with nonviolent noncooperation. The workers went out in a general strike and the civil servants simply refused to obey the orders of Kapp and his men. Unable to take command of the country, Kapp retreated and ultimately gave up his attempt. However, the German economy, never very sound, was further disrupted by the conflict surrounding Kapp's putsch and by the strike against it; and production fell and prices rose. The rise in prices destroyed the purchasing power of wages and government revenues, and the government responded to this by printing money to replace the lost revenues. This was the beginning of a vicious circle. Each increase in the quantity of money in circulation brought about a further inflation of prices, reducing the purchasing power of incomes and revenues, and leading to more printing of money. In the extreme, the monetary system simply collapses. In Germany, people would rush out to spend the day's wages as fast as possible, knowing that only a few hours' inflation would deprive today's wages of most of their purchasing power. One source says that people might buy a bottle of wine in the expectation that on the following morning, the empty bottle could be sold for more than it had cost when full. Those with goods to barter resorted to barter to get food; those with nothing to barter suffered. This is the way that hyperinflations happen: by a self-reinforcing vicious cycle of printing money, leading to inflation, leading to printing money, and so on. This is one reason why inflation is feared. There is always the concern that even a little inflation this year will lead to more next year, and so on. But some countries have experienced very great inflations -- 50 to 100% per year -- without ever falling into the cycle of hyperinflation, and there has never been a hyperinflation that could not have been avoided by a simple government determination to stop the expansion of the money supply. The key point is this: the monetary system can function reasonably well as long as the value of the monetary unit is reasonably stable and predictable, and the high standards of living of modern societies cannot exist without a functioning monetary system. The Problem of Stagnation Copyright Economics

Australasian Legal Information

Australasian Legal Information Australasian Legal InformationEnglish: Legal Research Center at Lewis and secondary legal materials (law reform and royal commission reports).AustLII a seamless electronic access to primary and secondary sources of law, compared to books located through the conventional law library, is a highly desirable method for legal research. AustLII provided an excellent introduction to more structured searching for materials just as legislations and, particularly when used in conjunction with keyword searching, it increased search success. AustLII increases work speed and efficiency due to the ability to search for all your information in one place. It is also very easy to search through information using hypertext links. Text manipulation is a further advantage of using AustLII. Once the information required is found, you can easily save it, print it and cut and past it into documents you are working on. This is a stark contrast to the manual library research process Also, at any time I was able to retrace my steps by clicking the "back" function on the Internet browser.Although the overall usefulness of AustLII depended to a great extend on the clarity of its and the extent to which its coverage and subdivision of a topic matches the understanding of the topic. The search engine did not offer annotations or expand on key words as of yet. Simply through placing a phrase in quotation marks or slightly altering its wording, one can dramatically alter the results a search engine returns. It is therefore important to rephrase a search entry if it does not work before it is discarded. For example, a search...

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Toyota Prius Marketing Campaign - Essay Example Private owners and fleet owners have been selected as the target audience. The private owners belong to the affluent and prosperous middle class. This segment is highly conscious of factors like performance, cost, reliability, and efficiency. Fleet owners desire a product that has reduced operational and maintenance costs. Advertising, public relations, and direct marketing have been selected as the communication methods due to their broader reach, loyal customer base, and flexibility in advertising content. Television, newspapers, outdoor billboards, and email marketing are the appropriate mediums for advertisement and promotion. The direct marketing strategy will encompass various activities and processes. At the basic level, market research will be conducted about the consumer segments. Toyota has identified private owners and fleet buyers as the main segments which will be penetrated and researched. The first part of the implementation should seek to collect the statistics on the behavior, lifestyle, and attitudes of consumer segments. Market research will help Toyota to capitalize on its strengths in order to overcome limitations. A multifaceted and multidirectional strategy will help to produce superior business outcomes. Advertising, direct marketing, and public relations have been selected as the communication methods for promoting Toyota Prius.

Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Justice - Essay Example The paper also focuses on a very sensitive issue of capital punishment rendered by the courts of law depending on the intensity of the criminal acts. This act of the court is largely contested based on the Christian views where rendering of Capital Punishment is straightly not allowed (Ness, 1994, p.3). The legal system and the rendering of justice is dealt along the study and analysis of three articles in the light of the views imposed by Christianity. Reforming Prisoners through Religion The aspect of reforming prisoners through the approach of religious institutions and not through putting them in prison houses is analysed based on Omar M. McRoberts article â€Å"Religion, Reform, Community: Examining the Idea of Church-based Prisoner Reentry†. This article came out during March 2002, as a Working Discussion Paper for the Urban Institute’s Reentry Roundtable (McRoberts, 2002,p.1). The religious touch rendered to the convicts helps them to bear the atrocities of the p rison climates and a life isolated from their closed ones. However, the main problem in discussion is not of the prison days but rather of the future periods when the convict is made free. Here the person being freed from the prison earns a further challenge in search for a livelihood. These people in the large society feel somewhat insecured and loiter in search for both physical and mental sustenance to help them dwell in the external world. To help find a solution to the aforesaid problem the courts of the land along with religious institutions are increasingly working on the program on Court Services and Offender Supervision Agency (CSOSA) to help the freed prisoners reenter their social and community lifestyles. This program largely focuses to help the freed prisoners gain a better occupational and domestic environment along with rendering mental support so that they do not take to drugs or get emotionally turbulent. The success of the program greatly depends on the activity of religious bodies like Churches, which are not only trying to help the prisoners sustain a healthy mental and physical life inside the condemnation walls but also working outside to help them reenter the social sphere. Churches with their alchemic touch are considered the main instruments that would help these individuals reenter the community circles, which fall under the governance of these religious bodies. Further, the Churches being religious bodies with an open outlook where they do not make any distinction between members and non-members are observed to be the spear headers of the community movement. The main focus of these programs with extensive religious collaboration is to totally change and transform the criminal psyche of the prison inmates into proper civilized mindsets. However, the present urban lifestyles are a bend of continuous physical and mental tensions often amounting to violent and turbulent activities. Thus, it is held that the Christian missionaries must ai m at driving these people to cool pastoral countryside where they can leave a peaceful life and are freed from mental tensions. The freed prisoners settled along free quarters are widely encouraged to participate in the Sunday masses and are regularly associated with the Bible. These activities help cast a strong religious ferment in such people who gradually develop a civilized lifestyle to

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries

Change Detection Techniques of Remote Sensing Imageries 1.1 Introduction Over the past years, academics have suggested enormous numbers of change detection techniques of remote sensing imageries and classified them from a different point of views [28]. These techniques depend on the assumption of spatial independence among pixels. This assumption is valid only for low, medium and high-resolution images but insufficient for VHR images [1]. This chapter presents the concept, implementation, and assessment of seven change detection techniques using low, medium and high-resolution ORSI. The rest of this chapter is organized into eight sections. Section 3.2 presents a brief description of the study areas. Section 3.3 describes the dataset characteristics of the study areas (Sharm El-Sheikh city and Mahalla al-kubra city Egypt). Section 3.4 presents the pre-processing performed on the image dataset before change detection process. Section 3.5 provides the accuracy assessment measures used for evaluation of the change detection process. Section 3.6 illustrates the concepts of the selected seven change detection techniques. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Section 3.7 presents the experimental work. It explains the Implementation and accuracy assessment of applying the selected change detection techniques on an image dataset of Sharm El-Sheikh city- Egypt. Section 3.8 presents the application of post-classification change detection technique on an image dataset of El-Mahalla El-kubra City-Egypt to detect the urban expansion over the agricultural area through the period from 2010 to 2015. Finally, section 3.9 gives the chapter summary. 1.2 The study areas In this chapter, two study areas are selected for the application of the selected change detection techniques. The first area is a part of Sharm el-Sheikh city. It is located on the southern landfill of the Sinai Peninsula, in the South Sinai Governorate, Egypt, on the coastal bar along the Red Sea as shown in figure (3.1). Its population is approximately 73,000 as of 2015 [62]. Sharm El Sheikh is the administrative hub of Egypts South Sinai Governorate, which includes the smaller coastal towns of Dahab and Nuweiba as well as the mountainous interior, St. Catherine and Mount Sinai. Today the city is a holiday resort and significant center for tourism in Egypt. The selected area is about 12.5 Km2. The second study area is a village belongs to El Mahalla El Kubra city. El Mahalla El Kubra is a large industrial and agricultural city in Egypt, located in the middle of the Nile Delta on the western bank of the Damietta Branch tributary, as shown in figure (3.2). The city is known for its textile industry. It is the largest city of the Gharbia Governorate and the second largest in the Nile Delta [63]. The selected area is about 38 Km2. 1.3 Images datasets of the study areas In this chapter, two datasets are used. The first dataset consists of two images of Sham el-Sheikh city acquired by Landsat 7 at 2000 and 2010 respectively as shown in figure (3.3). Area of the image lies between Lat. 28 0 37.0091 N, Lon. 34 17 56.3381 E and Lat.   27 57 20.8804 N, Lon. 34 24 43.6080 E. Table (3.1) summarizes the characteristic of these images. Table (3.1 )   Characteristic of Sham el-Sheikh dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km2] Width Height 1 30 m 8 bits 3 2000 382 364 12.5143 2 30 m 8 bits 3 2010 382 364 12.5143 (a) (b) Fig (3.3 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city- Egypt acquired by Landsat 7 at (a) image acquired at 2000 and the (b) image acquired at 2010. Figure (3.4) illustrates the second dataset of a village belongs to EL Mahalla al-Kubra city in Egypt. It consists of two images acquired in 2010 and 2015. It is taken by El-Shayal Smart web online Software that could acquire Satellite images from Google Earth. The image area lies between Lat. 30 57 46.9032 N, Lon. 31 14 35.4776E and Lat. 30 54 47.00 N, Lon. 31 18 19.98. Table (3.2) summarizes the characteristic of this dataset. (a) (b) Fig ( 3.4 ) Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra city- Egypt ( Google Earth) (a) image acquired at 2010 and (b) image acquired at 2015. Table (3.2 )   Characteristic of EL mahalla al-kubra dataset No Spatial resolution Radiometric resolution Number of bands Acquisition date Size [pixels] Area [km2] Width Height 1 6 m 8 bits 3 2010 1056 1007 38.2821 2 6 m 8 bits 3 2015 1056 1007 38.2821 1.4 Image Pre-processing for Change Detection Before change detection process, it is usually necessary to carry out the radiometric correction and image registration for the dataset used [64].   In sections 3.4.1and 3.4.2, the concept of radiometric and image registration are described. The execution of preprocessing on the dataset used is given in section 3.7.2. 1.4.1 Radiometric correction Radiometric conditions are influenced by many factors such as different imaging seasons or dates, different solar altitudes, different view angles, different meteorologic conditions and different cover areas of cloud, rain or snow etc. It may affect the accuracy of most change detection techniques. Radiometric correction is performed to remove or reduce the inconsistency between the values surveyed by sensors and the spectral reflectivity and spectral radiation brightness of the objects, which encompasses absolute radiometric correction and relative radiometric correction [26]. Absolute radiometric correction It mainly rectifies the radiation distortion that is irrelevant to the radiation features of the object surface and is caused by the state of sensors, solar illumination, and dispersion and absorption of atmospheric etc. The typical methods mainly consist of adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with the transmission code of atmospheric radiation, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with spectral curves in the lab, adjusting the radiation value to the standard value with dark object and transmission code of radiation, rectifying the scene by removing the dark objects and so on. Due to the fact that it is expensive and impractical to survey the atmospheric parameter and ground objects of the current data, and almost impossible to survey that of the historical data, it is difficult to implement absolute radiometric correction in most situations in reality. Relative radiometric correction In a relative radiometric correction, an image is regarded as a reference image. Then adjust the radiation features of another image to make it match with the former one. Main methods consist of correction by histogram regularization and correction with fixed object. This kind of correction can remove or reduce the effects of atmosphere, sensor, and other noises. In addition, it has a simple algorithm. So it has been widely used. The radiation algorithms that are most frequently used at present in the preprocessing of change detection mainly consists of image regression method, pseudo-invariant features,   dark set and bright set normalization, no-change set radiometric normalization, histogram matching, second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum and so on. It should be pointed that radiometric correction isnt necessary for all change detection methods. Although some scholars hold that radiometric corrections are necessary for multi-sensor land cover change ana lysis Leonardo studies at 2006 have shown that if the obtained spectral signal comes from the images to be classified, it is unnecessary to conduct atmospheric correction before the change detection of post-classification comparison. For those change detection algorithms based on feature, object comparison, radiometric correction is often unnecessary [64]. 1.4.2 Image registration Precise registration to the multi-temporal imageries is essential for numerous change detection techniques. The importance of precise spatial registration of multi-temporal imagery is understandable because generally spurious results of change detection will be formed if there is misregistration. If great registration accuracy isnt available, a great deal of false change area in the scene will be caused by image displacement. It is commonly approved that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is recognized. It can be seen that the geometrical registration accuracy of the sub-pixel level is necessary to change detection. However, it is doubtful whether this result is suitable for all registration data sources and all detected objects and if suitable how much it is. Another problem is whether this result has no influence on all change detection techniques and applications and if there is any influence how much it is. These Problems are worth to be studied further. On the other hand, it is difficult to implement high accuracy registration between multi-temporal especially multi-sensor remote sensing images due to many factors, such as imaging models, imaging angles and conditions, curvature and rotation of the earth and so on. Especially in the mountainous region and urban area, general image registration methods are ineffective and orthorectification is needed. Although geometrical registration of high accuracy is necessary to techniques used for low, medium and high resolution (like image differencing techniques and post-classification), it is unnecessary for all change detection t. For the feature-based change detection methods like object-based change detection method, the so-called buffer detection procedure can be employed to associate the extracted objects or features and in this manner, the harsh prerequisite of perfect registration can be escaped [65]. However, these methods neglect the key problem of the distinction between radiomet ric and semantic changes. So, it does not address the problem of change detection from a general perspective. It just focuses on specific applications relevant to the end user [1]. 1.5 Accuracy Assessment used for Change Detection Process evaluation The accuracy of change detection depends on many factors, including precise geometric registration and calibration or normalization, availability and quality of ground reference data, the complexity of landscape and environment, methods or algorithms used, the analysts skills and experience, and time and cost restrictions.   Authors in [66] summarized the main errors in change detection including errors in data (e.g. image resolution, accuracy of location and image quality), errors caused by pre-processing (the accuracy of geometric correction and radiometric correction), errors caused by change detection methods and processes (e.g. classification and data extraction error), errors in field survey (e.g. accuracy of ground reference) and errors caused by post-processing. Accuracy assessment techniques in change detection originate from those of remote sensing images classification. It is natural to extend the accuracy assessment techniques for processing single time image to that of bi-temporal or multi-temporal images. Among various assessment techniques, the most efficient and widely-used is the error matrix [26]. It describes the comparison or cross-tabulation of the classified land cover to the actual land cover revealed by the sample sites results in an error matrix as demonstrated in the table (3.3). It can be called a confusion matrix, contingency table [67], evaluation matrix [68] or misclassification matrix [69]. Different measures and statistics can be derived from the values in an error matrix. These measures are used to evaluate the change detection process. These measures are overall accuracy, procedures accuracy and user accuracy [70]. Overall accuracy of the change map It presents the ratio of the total number of correctly classified pixels to the total number of pixels in the matrix. This figure is normally expressed as a percentage. It can be expressed as follows: The overall accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.1) Users accuracy (column accuracy) It is a measure of the reliability of change map generated from a CD process. It is a statistic that can tell the user of the map what percentage of a class corresponds to the ground-truthed class. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the total pixels assigned to that class. The user accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.2) Producers accuracy (raw accuracy) It is a measure of the accuracy of a particular classification scheme. It shows what percentage of a particular ground class was correctly classified. It is calculated by dividing the number of correct pixels for a class by the actual number of ground truth pixels for that class. The procedure accuracy =   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.3) Table ( 3.3 ) Change error matrix or confusion matrix. Classified land cover Actual land cover Class1 = change Class2 = no change Class1 = change Correct False Class2 = no change False Correct 1.6 Concepts of the selected change detection techniques Seven LULC change detection techniques are selected to be implemented on our dataset. These techniques are post-classification, direct multi-date classification (DMDC), image differencing (ID), image rationing (IR), image symmetric relative difference (ISRD), change vector analysis (CVA), and principal component differencing (PCD). Image differencing Itis based on the subtraction of two spatially registered imageries, pixel by pixel, as follows: ID =Xi (t2) Xi (t1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.4) Where: X represents the multispectral images with I (number of bands) acquired at two different times t1and t2. The pixels of changed area are predictable to be scattered in the two ends of the histogram of the resulting image (change map), and the no changed area is grouped around zero as shown in figure (3.5). This simple manner easily infers the resulting image; conversely, it is vital to properly describe the thresholds to perceive the change from non-change regions [71]. Fig (3.5 ) Histogram of the change map. Image Rationing It is similar to image differencing method. The only difference between them is the replacement of the differencing images by rationed images [71].   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   IR =Xi (t2) / Xi (t1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.5) Image Symmetric Relative Difference it is based on the useof symmetric relative difference formula to measure change [72], as follows: ISRD =  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.6) Separating the change by the pixels value at time 1 and time 2 permits the derivation of a change map that measures the proportion change in the pixel, nonetheless of which image is selected to be the first image. For instance, a pixel that had a value of 20 at time 1 and a value of 80 at time 2 would have an absolute change of 60, and a proportion change value in the change map of 375%: [(80 20) / 20 + (80-20)/80] * 100 = 375% An additional pixel with a value of 140 at time 1 and 200 at time 2 would also have an absolute change of 60, but its proportion change would only be 72.86%:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   [(200 140) / 140 + (200-140)/200] * 100 = 72.86% In general, it can be supposed that the proportion change of a pixels brightness value is more revealing of real change in the image than purely the absolute change   [73]. Change Vector Analysis It generates two outputs: a change vector image and a magnitude image. The spectral change vector (SCV) explains the direction and magnitude of change from the first to the second date. The overall change extent per pixel is considered by defining the Euclidean distance between end points over dimensional change space, as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.7) A decision on change is made based on whether the change magnitude exceeds a specific threshold. The geometric concept of CVA is applicable to any number of spectral bands [41]. Principal Component Differencing It is often accepted as effective transforms to derive information and compress dimensions. Most of the information is focused on the first two components. Particularly, the first component has the most information. The difference between the first principle component of two dates has the potential to advance the change detection outcomes, i.e. PCD= PC1 (X(t2)) PC1 (X(t1))  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (3.8) The change detection is implemented based on threshold [28]. Direct multi-date classification It combines the two images (X (t2) and X (t1)) into a single image on which a classià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation is performed. The areas of changes are expected to present different statistics (i. e., distinct classes) compared to the areas with no changes [74]. Post-classification It is based on the classification of the two images (X (t2) and X(t1)) separately and then compared. Ideally, similar thematic classes are produced for each classià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation. Changes between the two dates can be visualized using a change matrix indicating, for both dates, the number of pixels in each class. This matrix allows us to interpret what changes occurred for a specià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ c class. The main advantage of this method is the minimal impacts of radiometric and geometric differences between multi-date images. However, the accuracy of the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nal result is the product of accuracies of the two independent classià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cations (e.g., 64% à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nal accuracy for two 80% independent classià ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ cation accuracies) [74]. 1.7 Experimental work This section describes the environment and the implementation procedures of seven selected change detection techniques on the first dataset of Sham el-Sheikh city. 1.7.1 Experiment setup Applying methods described in section 3.5 requires a suitable setup (environment). The setup requirements are summarized in software and hardware. A laptop machine with processor Intel(R) core (TM)i7-4500U CPU @1.80 GH   2.40 GH and RAM 8 GB is used as hardware environment. ERDASD IMAGINE 2014 is selected to be the software environment. It has the Model maker toolbox which is used as a programming language. It is chosen for its ability to combine matrix datasets and multi-dimensional arrays that are used to represent multi-dimensional images, and also for its ability to visualize and interrogate results in an interactive manner. Moreover, it allows providing the integration of the necessary datasets and algorithmic customizations for the development of the described method. 1.7.2 Pre-processing Dataset of EL mahalla al-kubra described in section 3.3 had already registered before. Radiometric correction is carried out to minimize the false change detection by applying histogram matching between the two images. So, the pixel of the no changed areas in one date should take the same or close gray level values of the corresponding pixels in the other date as shown in figure   (3.6) [75]. (a) (b) Fig (3.6 ) Dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh city after applying histogram matching on the image acquired at 2000 to match the image acquired at 2010. 1.7.3 Implementation of the change detection techniques The selected techniques are implemented by the model maker in the ERDAS IMAGINE 2014 software for a dataset of Sharm el-Sheikhto provide an overview and assessment of LULC change detection techniques. 250 random variables are used to generate an error matrix to calculate the overall accuracy according to equation (3.1). The reference points are driven visually by comparing the two images. Table (3.4) summarizes the implementation of the selected methods. 1.7.4 Results analysis The results of applying the selected change detection techniques on the first dataset of Sham el-Sheikh city are introduced in the following: Image differencing The change map generated using the image differencing method described in section 3.6 is shown in figure (3.7). The change map has two colors. The white color represents the changed area while the black color represents the no changed area. The change error matrix is generated using 250 random variables as demonstrated in the table (3.5). The reference information is taken visually by comparing the dataset. It is used to calculate the overall accuracy, user accuracy, and the procedures accuracy. The overall accuracy of the change map is 92.4%. Table (3.4) Steps of implementation the selected change detection techniques on a dataset of Sharm el-Sheikh. Method Procedures Image differencing ID 1- Applying equation (3.4). 2- Threshold values were determined according to the statistical calculation by taking (1* STD) to identify the land cover change. This step provides a binary image for each band, 1 as change and 0 as non-change. 3- The change map is produced according to the majority voting between the binary images. 4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1). Image rationing IR 1- Apply equation (3.5). 2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before. 3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images. 4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1). Image symmetric Relative Difference ISRD 1-Apply equation (3.6) 2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before. 3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images. 4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1). Change Vector analysis CVA 1- Apply equation (3.7) to get the Euclidian distance between the two dates. 2- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before. 3- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images. 4- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change error matrix using 250 random variables according to equation (3.1). Principal component differencing PCD 1- Get the principle componentof the two images. 2- Apply equation (3.8). 3- Thresholds were determined as mentioned before. 4- Change map is produced through majority voting between the binary images. 5- The overall accuracy is calculated by Producing change er

Essay on Symbols and Symbolism in Moby Dick :: Moby Dick Essays

"He piled upon the whale's white hump the sum of all the general rage and hate felt by his whole race from Adam down; and then, as if his chest had been a mortar, he burst his hot heart's shell upon it." Such was Melville's description of Captain Ahab. The symbolism that this statement suggests, along with many other instances of symbolism, are incorporated into Moby Dick. Although the crew knew that Ahab was obsessed with vengeance and wasn't interested in killing Moby Dick for whale oil, they still felt obligated to follow his orders. They knew that the rule book said that if a captain went against his contract due to personal feelings, they were obliged to wrest command from him. This idea symbolizes the emotional attachment we have to those around us, and it also demonstrates the mixed feelings we have when somebody we respect does something evil. In the end, this emotional attachment destroyed the crew. Starbuck had a golden opportunity to kill Ahab, but for his own salvation, h e undermined the good of the crew and chose to let the Captain live. So, part of the lesson of Moby Dick is not to let sentiment and personal feelings get in the way of our duty. The lack of this lesson among the crew destroyed Ahab and the entire ship's compliment, except for Ishmael. When Captain Ahab stabbed at Moby Dick with the harpoon, he was symbolizing the power that obsession has when a person lets it take over one's mind. Ahab had no chance of killing Moby Dick, yet he engaged in his suicide plan to stab at the whale. This lesson not to let obsession take over your mind is similar to Javert's obsession with justice and imprisoning Valjean in Les Miserables. It shows that a passion with a personal vendetta will ultimately destroy a person, whether it destroys the person physically or mentally. Moby Dick also was a mixed symbol. It seemed clear to the crew of the Pequod that whales were evil and whales were the enemy. Yet, white is a symbol of good, so one could conclude that Moby Dick was a symbol of both good and evil. With Moby Dick killing Ahab, he gave Ahab his just reward from acting out of revenge, which could be interpreted as an act of good. When Moby Dick killed all but one of the crew, it showed that he may be evil, even though he was acting only out of instinct, thinking his life was threatened.

Hypnosis. Psychological and Physical Aspects of Hypnosis

| Hypnosis. Psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis. Hypnosis is a natural state of mind that can be used for many purposes, in different settings. Nowadays research in the field of hypnosis and associated areas has blossomed and there are valuable evidence that hypnosis has real and measurable affects on both body and mind. During this essay I will be describing what is hypnosis including what the psychological and physical aspects of hypnosis are, further I will be discussing the role of relaxation in hypnotherapy. We experience the â€Å"hypnotic state† in everyday life and it often occurs without recognition as such. It is believed that our mind can drift from alert state into different level of consciousness whenever we do activities in automatic mode, like driving, jogging, taking a shower, walking, etc. These are hypnotic-like trances. The main differences between these sorts of trance and clinical hypnosis are specific motivation and suggestions to achieve some desired results. Therapist may use hypnosis to explore patient’s unconsciousness, to identity whether past events or experiences are associated with causing a problem. One of the most accepted axioms of hypnotherapy that nothing can be done with hypnosis that cannot be done without. Barber (1969) offered considerable experimental evidence for â€Å"Anything you can do I can do†¦ † At the same time, since hypnosis occurs spontaneously in therapy as well as in ordinary life it is impossible to ignore the part played by hypnosis in the service of the patient. It is important to understand that no two individuals will have identical experience as they progress from the state of alertness to a deep trance. The impact of hypnosis on a person's subsequent actions is dependent upon how suggestible that particular individual happens to be, a quality that can differ from one person to the next. Each person experiences the hypnotic phenomenon in his or her own way. However, it has been recognized that suggestions during the hypnosis could influence the physical processes in the body and in the brain. The earliest references of hypnosis date back to ancient Egypt and Greece. Both cultures had religious centres where people came for help with their problems. Hypnosis was used to induce dreams, which were then analysed to get to the root of the trouble. The man who most people associate with the beginning of hypnosis is an Austrian doctor Franz Anton Mesmer (1733-1815). Mesmer believed that a â€Å"cosmic fluid† could be stored in inanimate objects, such as magnets, and transferred to patients and cure them of illness. Eventually Mesmer discarded the magnets and regarded himself as a magnet through which a fluid life force could be conducted and transmitted to others as a healing force. He incorporated that into the theory of â€Å"animal magnetism†. Despite the fact that no evidence supports the existence of that theory, he had tremendous success. Mesmerism became the forerunner of hypnotic suggestion. Meanwhile, the marquise de Puysegur, believed that the â€Å"cosmic fluids† was not magnetic, but electric, that generated in plants and animals. Puysegur used the natural environment to fill his patients with healing electric fluid. During that activity some of the patients entered a somnambulistic state (a deep trance). The marquis had discovered the hypnotic trance, but had not identified it as such. Another forward thinker in the mid 1800 was a professor at London University, John Elliotson (1791-1868), who use the hypnotic state to relieve pain during the surgical operations. In India, a British surgeon, James Esdaile (1808-1859) recognised the enormous benefits of hypnosis for pain relief and performed hundreds of major operations using hypnosis as his only anaesthetic. This was accomplished by inducing the trance state to the patient weeks before the surgery and offering posthypnotic suggestions to numb the part of the body on which the operation was to be performed. The next real pioneer of hypnosis in Britain in the late 1800s was James Braid (1795-1860), who gave mesmerism a scientific explanation. He believed mesmerism to be a â€Å"nervous sleep† and coined the word hypnosis, from Greek word Hypnos, meaning sleep. He discovered that getting a patient to fixate upon something was one of the most important components of putting them into a trance. The French scientists were also taking the interest in the subject of hypnosis, and many breakthroughs were made by Ambroise Leibeault (1823-1904), a neurologist Jean Martin Charcot (1825-1893) and Charles Richet (1850-1935). Ambroise Leibeault and Hippolyte Bernheim (1837-1919) were the first who asserted that expectation is a most important factor in the induction of hypnosis and suggestibility is its essential symptom. The work of another Frenchman, Emile Coue (1857 – 1926), was very interesting. He is most famous for the phrase ‘Day by day in every way I am getting better and better'. His technique was one of affirmation and his idea was that the imagination is always more powerful than the will. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was also interested in hypnosis at this time. He was using it in his work, but eventually abandoned it in favour of psychoanalysis. With the rise of psychoanalysis in the first half of this century, hypnosis declined in popularity. Milton Erickson (1901-1980) is considered the leading authority of clinical hypnosis. Nowadays Erickson approach to hypnosis without question is the most effective. There are many physical and psychological problems can be effectively controlled by the use of hypnosis. Patients suffering with chronic illnesses such as cancer, arthritis, stroke and multiple sclerosis can benefits from hypnosis in many ways. In all this entire spectrum of diseases, pain is one of the most common symptoms. The most distressing an aspect of pain is the loss of control the patient feels. Through hypnosis is possible to show patients how they can use their own mind to change the subjective feeling of pain, restoring that sense of control and make patient feel empowered. Increased self-esteem, developing more positive attitude may even decrease the use of pharmacological agents. When done properly, hypnosis holds several advantages over drugs. It has no side effects, while drugs can leave a sense of dependence for the patient. Hypnosis not only gives the ability to relieve the pain, but removes the ever-present fear of pain’s return. For certain types of breast and thyroid surgery, a combination of hypnosis and local anaesthesia can aid in the healing process, and can reduce drug use and time spent in the hospital, according to studies reported at Euroanaesthesia 2011 in Amsterdam. According to the researchers, women who were hypnotized spent a few minutes more in the operating room (122 vs. 116  min), perioperative drug use was reduced, as was time in the recovery room and in the hospital. No patient in the hypnosis group converted to general anaesthesia during surgery. The major benefit is that hypnosis is modifying the cognitive response to sensation points, changing the expectations and reducing stress. Hypnosis can be especially helpful when dealing with diseases that have psychosomatic aspects, such as psoriasis, eczema, asthma. Study reviled that using hypnotherapy can improve those conditions. It concluded that the greater the depth of hypnosis the patient achieved the greater the improvement in patient’s condition. Using the relaxation techniques and post-hypnotic suggestion to discharge anxiety can significantly reduce the stress, which is a well known trigger for psychosomatic disorders. Hypnotherapy deals with psychological and physical disorders in variety of way. There are countless types of suggestion that can be given to patients while there in trance. Patients can even be age-regressed back to a time before they have been ill, injured or distressed and then received comfort and reassurance followed by relief. Imaginary, visualisation, metaphors are also the key factors in hypnosis. Through training the mind to imagine the desired outcome can help bring the desired result. This technique has great success in sport and help to achieve the peak performance. Relaxation is the first resource in hypnotherapy intervention that enhances the process of healing and recovery. Researchers have shown that being to tense or living with too much stress has a significant negative impact on our life. It can lead to physical illnesses and many psychological issues. The effect from relaxation on our body and mind is enormous. Relaxation in hypnotherapy helps in 3 ways; its completely turning off the sympathetic nervous system, changing our reaction to stressful events and build up our parasympathetic nervous system. The first goal in hypnosis is to achieve a very deep state of relaxation where our mind is more focused and the connections between our thoughts, emotions and behaviour are clearer. This type of therapy is very helpful to reduce anxiety, distress and fear. This is can be done in a trance state by guiding the patient through imaginary and visualisation. Once a patient is able to get into that state, the goal becomes lengthening the period of relaxation and teaching the patient how to control these internal images on his own. Most people will feel certain degree of anxiety in everyday life. Such feeling are generally reasonable and appropriate and it is only if that anxiety is exaggerated in intensity or duration, prevents to perform a required task or interfere with person’s life to a significant degree, than it is begins to regard as pathological reaction. Not surprisingly, using relaxation techniques can be very effective when patient get the rising heart and panic attack. This is another category of pathological anxiety reactions that includes phobic attacks to spiders, mice, rats, snakes, lizards and other creatures. Patients with such phobic reaction may be taught to rehearse so that every time they begin to get the racing heart signifying panic to that person, they begin to use their learned techniques of imagery to put their mind in a more relaxed place. The relaxation techniques can be used along with biofeedback instrument to increase the effectiveness of relaxation. Biofeedback is a tool which gives immediate and objective evidence to the patient of his ability to control such processes as heart rate, breathing rate, skin temperature, skin resistance and blood pressure. To those patients who are able to response moderately well to hypnosis, it offers a means of achieving some degree of voluntary or self-mediated control over these pathological reactions. It is important to ensure that anxiety is not the expression of underlying depression or major psychiatric disorder that is not yet manifest. Hypnosis has both a diagnostic and therapeutic role in eating disorders. For example, during hypnosis patients can uncover their past traumas or feeling of deserving self-punishment. Dr. Moshe S. Torem describes introducing hypnosis to eating disorders patient initially in the form of self-hypnosis, framed as a technique to improve calmness and relaxation. It appears that hypnotherapy is quite popular and sufficient way that could help you to illuminate negative behaviour patterns or bad habits. Focused relaxation techniques are used to modifier person behaviour and change the way one thinks about addictions and habits that affect the quality of life. Hypnosis connects modern practice with practices that have been used by ancient Egyptian and enlightened Zen masters. It informs our understanding of how the mind connects with the body, as well as how conscious mind connect with the unconscious. Hypnosis can be applied in physical and psychosomatic disorders in many ways. First, it can be effective in reducing pain and discomfort. Secondly, hypnotic techniques can contribute substantially to the reduction of distress, anxiety and fears. Thirdly, it can be employed to influence the psychological processes that can give the power and the ability to patients to improve their life in an infinite number of ways. Hellmut W. A. Karle and Jennifer H. Boys 2010. Hypnotherapy. A Practical Handbook Journals online. Journal of Health Psychology. The physical, Psychological and Social Impact of Psoriasis. Josie Hadley and Carol Staudacher 2002. Hypnosis for Change. Michael Heap and Windy Dryden. Hypnotherapy. A Handbook Medscape CME Nursing. Journal online. Euroanaesthesia 2011. , Combination of hypnosis and local anaesthesia for certain types of breast and thyroid surgery. www. ibshypnosis. com Clinical hypnosis: Something for you? By Olafur S. Palsson, Psy. D. www. hypnosisexpert. co. uk Top 5 Most Effective Uses for Hypnotherapy. By Anna Aengel 2010 www. systemthinker. com Hypnosis Past, Present and Future: Its Medical and Psychiatric Applications by Howard Ditkoff M. D. www. innerhealhstudio. com Relaxation Therapy For Body and Mind. By Candi Raudebaugh.

Racial Aspects Of The Civil War - 810 Words

Racial Aspects of the Civil War 1 April 30, 1866, four police officers encountered several blacks walking on Causey Street in Memphis, Tennessee. The officers forced the blacks off the sidewalk; one black stumbled and fell tripping an officer. The Police then drew their pistols and began to beat the blacks. The riot started the next day, when police officers attempted to arrest two former black soldiers. 2 It is said that nearly fifty blacks attempted to prevent the officer from jailing the ex-soldiers. â€Å"Accounts vary as to who began the shooting, but the altercation that ensued quickly involved more and more of the city.† White rioters burned a Freedmen’s schoolhouses, black homes, and even churches. May 3rd marked the end of the riots, Forty-six blacks died, and 285 people were injured. â€Å"Over one hundred houses and buildings burned down as a result of the riot and the neglect of the firemen.† 2 The New Orleans Massacre was just another example of the bestial attitudes of the ex-confederates toward the blacks. Before the riot started in front of the Mechanics Institute, where white and black delegates were to meet for the Louisiana Constitutional Convention, 130 black citizens marched towards the Mechanics Institute. The Mayor at the time, Mr. John T. Monroe, rallied a mob of ex-confederates and white supremacists to stop the delegates from meeting. After reaching a distance of only a few blocks apart, shots rang out but the two groups continued advancing.Show MoreRelatedThe Battle Of The Confederate Flag1208 Words   |  5 Pagesflag. Apparently, there is a common perception among Democrats that the Confederates are associated with racial crime and hate in America. 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To identify the intrinsic nature of the everlasting racial segregationRead MoreRace And Reunion : The Civil War1581 Words   |  7 Pagesreunion, a majority of American white communities close obscure the civil war racial narrative would only fade. In race and reunion: The Civil War in American memory, by David Blight, represents how Americans chose to remember the Civil War conflict, from the beginning of the turning point of the war. The two major themes race and reunion, demonstrate how white Americans adjusted and altered the causes and outcomes of the Civil War to reflect their particular ideas regarding this catastrophic conflictRead MoreMany May Wonder About The Connection Between The Cold War1251 Words   |  6 PagesMany may wonder about the connection between the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement and how the war has an effect on African-American civil rights. The effect may not be as perspicuous since these conflicts are two very strange juxtapositions. The two wars shared the same time and place in history yet they were never associated with each other. Although the Cold War may seem as if it went on for forever, from 1947 until 1991, the Civil Rights Movement went on from 1954 to 1968. However, the massRead MoreSocial Problems: Is the United States Post-Racial?1237 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Is the United States Post-Racial? The election of Barack Obama to the Presidency of the United States has generated a lot of discussions and debate on the current racial affairs in the United States. Many assume that Obamas presidency ushers a new era post-racial America. So, I decided to read a few recent articles on the topic. The first was by Time Wise where he reflects on denial and reality in response to the question what is post-racial? (Wise, 2012). Wises article is depressing becauseRead MoreSlavery And The Civil War1706 Words   |  7 Pageshouse divided against itself. The United States were no longer united, mainly over the issue of slavery. In fact, many historians believe that, â€Å"From the nation’s founding, the issue of slavery threatened to tear the United States apart.† (â€Å"The Civil War† 1). The issue of slavery was always kept at bay through the utilization of various compromises; however a permanent solution was never sought after by the government. The peoples’ perspective of slavery differed by region. In the South, the economyRead MoreRacial Ideology And The Term White Supremacy1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe term white supremacy is used to describe the racial ideology that promotes and revolves around the belief that people of white ethnicity are superior in their traits, characteristics, and attributes in comparison to other racial groups (Fredrickson, 2015). Therefore, the white race should have economic, political, and social rule over non-White individuals. There are many ideologies and schools of thought that have been used to support white supremacism; however, the majority of data is pseudoscientific