Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning disabilities are discriminated against in the criminal justice system( prison.) Free Essay Example, 3250 words

below the age of 18 years) are examined to be suffering from mental illness in terms of communication difficulties which are often attributed as a cause of learning disabilities. Similarly, almost 70% of the adult offenders are observed as facing problems due to learning disabilities which are recorded to be either a lifetime syndrome, or caused owing to alcohol and/or drug abuse (Talbot, 2012). According to UNODC (2009), â€Å"persons with disabilities include those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments, which in interaction with various barriers may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others† (pp. 43). Certainly, the qualities and uniqueness possessed by people with certain disabilities tend to present a significant challenge to the judiciary when dealing with legal issues where either the prisoner or the victim is examined to suffer from disabilities. According to Maguire & et. al. (2012), irrespective of the fact that offenders are suffering from any kind of disability or not they should be primarily considered as offenders or criminals, who are convicted for performing illegal acts. We will write a custom essay sample on Critically evaluate the extent to which prisoners with learning disabilities are discriminated against in the criminal justice system( prison.) or any topic specifica lly for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Thus, the consideration that the offender is suffering from learning disability should be a sole concern of ‘individual resolution’. Influenced by this particular phenomenon, the viewpoints often considered by various jurisdictions differ when treating prisoners with learning disabilities. Contextually, Maguire & et. al. (2012) argues that greater attention towards such psychological aspects is quite likely to lead to lacunas in the demanded appropriateness in the justice rendered. However, witnessing the jurisdiction practices in the practical scenario, criminology experts were able to observe a certain degree of confusion or rather ambiguity persisting among the concerned judiciaries when interpreting and implementing the policy measures for criminals with special needs (Stout & et. al. , 2008). Not only during the jurisdiction of the offenders with learning disabilities, but certain degree of challenges are also witnessed when treating the offenders in prison. As per the study of Talbot (2008), around 20% to 30% of the entire population in prison are examined to suffer from learning disabilities. The offenders are hereby observed to possess different types of learning disorders which are majorly categorised as Intelligence Quotient (IQ) related problems or as dyslexia. A similar picture was also observed in the context of Irish prison where around 28.8% of the entire population in prison were observed to suffer from learning disabilities (Murphy & et.

The Effects Of Maternal Alcohol Use On A Fetus - 1755 Words

Even though there are many studies that highlight the damaging effects of maternal alcohol use on a fetus in utero, there are a multitude of other substances that are used by pregnant mothers that have similar and even, in some cases, more extreme repercussions such as marijuana, heroin, and cocaine. When speaking about pregnancy and drug use, the most common drug that comes to mind is alcohol. During 12 years of schooling, most people are exposed, at one point or another, to the idea of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome and the detrimental effects of alcohol on a fetus in utero. The effects of maternal use of the aforementioned illicit drugs is less studied, partially because they are used less frequently. It is important, however, that as a population, we become more educated about these drugs and the potentially life threatening outcomes for babies in utero. Four percent of women in the United States have reported using drugs during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad, DiNieri, Harkany, Hurd, 2009). Ac cording to records, marijuana is the most commonly used drug during pregnancy (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). Of the four percent of women who claimed that they used a drug during their pregnancy, 75% of those individuals labeled marijuana as their drug of choice (Jutras-Aswad et al., 2009). The percentage of users during pregnancy jumps to 7% when users included the times they used marijuana while breastfeeding (Hayatbakhsh et al., 2011). Genetics plays a role in how maternal cannabis intake canShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Society Healthcare Is Changing Rapidly, Mainly1099 Words   |  5 Pagesthat should be addressed is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS). The valuable information found within so many resources allows for better prevention of FAS, patient centered care, and quality of care for not only the mother, but for the fetus as well. It is important to be able to have access to all types of resources, know how to interpret the information they are providing, educate the patient , and put it into practice in order to put an end to issues like Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. One of the issues thatRead MoreThe Effects Of Air Pollution On Reproductive Health1376 Words   |  6 Pagesdefects or termination of a pregnancy. Subjective teratogens are substances in which the mother consumes that cause defects to the child or also termination of a pregnancy. Substances such as air pollution, pesticides and mercury, as well as tobacco, alcohol and drugs are reported as having environmental and subjective teratogenic properties. Airborne particle matter small enough to penetrate human respiratory tracts are referred to as air pollutants; environmental teratogens. â€Å"The bulk of all air pollutionRead MoreDepression And Anxiety786 Words   |  4 Pagesduring pregnancy and greatly effect a women’s health behaviors. The impact of women’s mental health on alcohol use is very significant to examine as prenatal alcohol use, which is common and can have serious negative consequences for the evolving fetus. Elevated symptoms of depression and anxiety can increase risk for binge drinking during pregnancy. Alcohol use during pregnancy may be associated with extremely detrimental effects for the developing fetus. Prenatal alcohol exposure is one of the leadingRead MoreThe Responsibility of Becoming Parents1506 Words   |  7 Pagesphysical health. The pregnant woman should not just ensure that the pregnancy affect her adversely, but also that she does not affect her baby’s prenatal adversely. The parent is the only route which different environmental factors can enter the fetus. Additionally, she is also the most critical environment that can severely affect the child prenatal development, which will later have some alarming consequences on the child’s postnatal and adult life. What the mother do during her pregnancy affectsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancy canRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome The Effects of Alcohol on a Fetus During Pregnancy1727 Words   |  7 Pages Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by fetal exposure to alcohol during pregnancy and is characterized by specific patters of fetal deformities. Researchers are unsure at what stage in the pregnancy these malformations occur or the amount of alcohol consumed to cause these deformities. FAS is the leading cause of mental retardation that is preventable. There are usually three factors pertaining to a diagnosis of FAS: â€Å"the presence of prenatal/postnatal growth retardation, craniofacial anomaliesRead MoreAlcohol Use For Disease Control And Prevention1446 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Alcohol Use in Pregnancy.† CDC. 17 April 2014. We b. 20 April 2016. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention states that there is no known safe amount of alcohol use during pregnancy or while trying to get pregnant. The article suggests that â€Å"women also should not drink alcohol if they are sexually active and do not use effective contraception (birth control). This is because a women might get pregnant and expose her baby to alcohol before the mother knows she is pregnant.Read MoreThe Conception Process Of A Sperm Cell1709 Words   |  7 Pagesoffspring intertwine but do not join. The Fetal period: Lasting about seven months. The fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 3 ounces. The fetus begins to move, the extremities are distinguishable, during the fourth month and the sixth month the fetus would be almost formed I would have gained another half-pound to a pound. An irregular breathing movements occur. After the 25 weeks of conception, the fetus would have a chance of surviving outside the womb. However, it may need some help forRead MoreThe Maternal Depression During Pregnancy Essay1120 Words   |  5 PagesMATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY Sasha Safi 20122595 Notre Dame University PSL 310 Dr. Lara El Khatib January, 7, 2016 MATERNAL DEPRESSION DURING PREGNANCY When pregnant especially for the first time many women inform themselves on things they can do that are beneficial for the growth and development of their baby and things they should avoid or not do since it can be dangerous for their baby such as smokingRead MoreHow Substance Abuse Negatively Affects The Baby While During1328 Words   |  6 Pagesmany types of substance abuse such as alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. Most likely when women choose to engage in these types of activities it causes harm to the child and birth defects. Long term and short term deformities and conditions are present in the child. Other factors play a part into why women abuse substance such as stress, depression, and mental issues. More treatment and pre-education should provided to women to inform them of the cause and effects of substance abuse. One major substance

The Tragic Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare

Tragic plays involve the fall of one or more characters, specifically the main character, and causes a viewer to feel sorrow, pity, or similar feelings for them. Of Antigone and Macbeth, Macbeth is the more tragic of the two because Macbeth overall includes more tragic events and creates a greater atmosphere of pity and sorrow, especially in the introduction and middle of the plays, than Antigone features. At first, while both plays are building up the beginnings of tragedy, Macbeth’s greater share of tragic events would make it considered more tragic. On one hand, in Macbeth, Macbeth’s soliloquies reveal the depth of his reluctance to kill the king, as well as revealing the good of the king in his eyes. â€Å"...† Despite the end for which this supplies the means, Macbeth is truly troubled as he murders king Duncan, so his assassination of the king both condemns his conscience and hurls Duncan into death. On the other hand, in Antigone, the introduction is simply an introduction, with almost no element of tragedy in it. Although Antigone is caught giving her brother the forbidden rites and sentenced to death, there is not yet any trace of pity invoked for any character. Antigone still faces her persecution defiantly, taking a bold stand, just as Creon does the same with his line of reasoning. â€Å"...† In contrast, Macbeth appears to be a somewhat broken m an, with the heavy burden of guilt on his shoulders, and Duncan’s murder gives rise to a feeling of sorrow for the betrayed king.Show MoreRelatedThe Tragic Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare Essay1479 Words   |  6 Pagescourse, your absolute power is a God-given right. The iconic tragedy Macbeth is arguably one of the most recognised literary works of William Shakespeare, centered on the idea of illegitimate power. Throughout the text, Shakespeare explores the destructive nature of power through various representations and characters, conveying an unceasing struggle for power amongst the main protagonists that causes devastating consequences. Though Shakespeare conveys many different representations regarding the natureRead MoreThe Tragic Hero Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1724 Words   |  7 PagesA Greek philosopher named Aristotle once said, Tragedy is an imitation not of men but of a life, and action†¦. Aristotle is famous for his theory of tragedy. His definition of tragedy applies to William Shakespeare s play Macbeth. The play is about a hero who reaches a high position in the play and then falls because of his choices. Macbeth is a tragic hero according to Aristotle s aspects that make a tragedy. Macbeth is neither a villain nor a perfect character, he appears in the play in a highRead MoreGerald Deocariza Iii. Mrs. Jardine. English 3, Period 4.1161 Words   |  5 PagesJardine English 3, Period 4 18 January 2017 The Shakespearean Ways of a Tragic Hero Do all villains everywhere start in a terribly dark life? No, some heroes become corrupted because of their abilities as heroes. These types of heroes become tragic heroes, who destine for a serious downfall and set as the protagonists of a dramatic tragedy. A tragic hero gets For example, William Shakespeare wrote a play called The Tragedy of Macbeth to show Macbeth’s uprisings and downfalls. Macbeth’s downfall resultsRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play Essay935 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero in William Shakespeares Play The play ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare charts the rise and fall of the Scottish general Macbeth, through a tale of treachery, deceit and death. First performed in 1606 ‘Macbeth’ is inspired by a story of the Scottish monarchy. A tragic hero is one who at the outset is not wholly good or bad but has a character fault that causes them to make tragic mistakes resulting in their eventual downfall. ‘Macbeth’ is a renaissanceRead MoreWhat Are The Similarities Between Macbeth And Othello1267 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is the playwright in which the works of Macbeth and Othello are written . These works are both written in Shakespeares signature style of tragedy where a character experiences a reversal of fortune at the hands of their own actions. A true tragic hero is a character who is admired while being flawed; has both good and evil characteristics; experiences a hamartia, a moral mistake or ignorant error; is given an opportunity for redemption yet continues refusing; experiences theRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth - The Tragic Hero717 Words   |  3 PagesMacbeth - The Tragic Hero      Ã‚  Ã‚   Every true Elizabethan Tragedy comes complete with a tragic hero.   The tragedy Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare, has a perfect example of a tragic hero, otherwise known as Macbeth.   A tragic hero must be a man who is great and admirable in various ways.   He should be placed in society in such a way that everything he does affects all of the members of his society.   A tragic hero should at some point reach the top of Fortune’s Wheel, but land upRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Macbeth By William Shakespeare1205 Words   |  5 PagesThe first tragic story created in ancient Greece. Tragedies were written as a form of catharsis or purgation of emotions. In these types of plays, the audience finds characters in which they can relate to which is a tragic hero. The tragic hero creates his own failures based upon their own actions and produces a detrimental fate for himself. The process of the protagonist’s fall is based upon the tragic structure . The structure of a tragedy consists of the exposition, exciting force, hamartia, theRead MoreEssay on Shakespeares Macbeth is a Tragic Hero956 Words   |  4 PagesMacbeth is a Tragic Hero  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Shakespeares tragic hero is a man of noble birth who falls from a position of honor and respect due to a flaw in his character. He freely chooses a course of action which ultimately causes him suffering and brings him to a fatal end.(Campbell 129) Macbeth is the epitome of a tragic hero who rises high then falls rock bottom to his death. Macbeth, once a noble man, follows the advice of witches, finds himself King, abuses his power and then gets killedRead MoreEssay on Definitions of a Tragedy: Shakespeares and Aristotles1182 Words   |  5 PagesIn writing a tragedy, there are certain standards and guidelines to which an author or playwright must follow. One such standard is the Aristotelian definition of tragedy and the tragic hero. William Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Macbeth is a perfect mold of an Aristotelian Tragedy. It displays all eight aspects of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy. It is set mainly in Scotland, but briefly in England during the ele venth century. It illuminates the ideal plot, in which the action of the story, orRead MoreMacbeth Character Analysis953 Words   |  4 Pagescan affect you in the long run and can easily contribute to a downfall. Macbeth was fully aware of the choices he made with the inhumane torture and disrespect he had on the citizens of Scotland. Being a tragic hero is when one experiences an immense tragedy which leads to a downfall, but Macbeth never had a tragedy because his death originated from the choices he made and reactions he had while he had authority as king. Macbeth being selfish and only caring about himself creates an undeserving and

Motivating and Leading Across Borders †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Motivating and Leading Across Borders. Answer: Introduction Traditional boundaries are disappearing and competition in business now springs from any corner of the world thus businesses have to become more global to take advantage of international markets. While this brings with it opportunities, it also presents some complexities which require new ways of thinking and managing (Beechler andJavidan, 2007).In todays global business environment, it is crucial that all leaders understand how to manage across different cultures. Different cultures determine the way of managing and of doing business. There is no one best way of managing and sometimes, the best universal management practices have failed (Trompenaars andHampden-Turner, 1997 p3). International managers have challenges operating on different premises from their own culture of origin, to the culture of the place they are working and also the organization culture where they are working. They must learn to adapt the organization to manage working in diverse multicultural groups. Leadershi p and culture are interconnected and leaders are in fact the main influencers of culture (Schein, 2010 p1). This paper will discuss leading and motivating diverse people across borders in global organizations. Diversity can be viewed as recognizing, acknowledging, accepting and appreciating the differences that are there between people and then accept value and celebrate them. These differences may relate to gender, age, race, gender, class, sexual orientation, religious practice, culture, physical abilities or disabilities and others (Bedi, Lakra, Gupta, 2014 p103). Diversity is a challenge in modern day work places and this means all employees must be equipped with necessary skills needed to work in a cultural diverse work place. The managers have a more difficult task of appreciating and valuing multicultural differences in the people they manage and other stake holders and ensure everybody is treated with dignity. They therefore must be culturally competent in order to manage the challenges of diversity well and make the best out of diverse cultures. Diversity is increasing becoming an important factor in businesses as companies become more global and employees more diverse. Organizations that are more inclusive are likely to benefit more from diverse ideas and creativity from different people thus gain a competitive advantage (Pitts Recascino, 2010 p45). Managing diversity is an important skill in people management and it helps increase employee productivity (Bedi et al., 2014 p104). Diversity therefore has to be properly managed if any organization is to enjoy its benefits. Managing Diversity Management of diversity is a challenging task yet very important especially for companies that have operations across borders (Bartlett and Paul, 2011 p3). Some changes may have to be effected in order to accommodate the needs of different people for them to contribute to the best of their potential for the benefit of an organization in the global business set up. Organizations must formulate strategies and practices that accommodate diverse people to be well positioned to meet the demands of the global workplace. Effective leaders need to start to align the culture of the organization with the diverse cultures of people in the organization. By use of good management practices, organizations will be in a position to reap maximum benefits that accrue from diversity. They need to value all employees so that they feel free to contribute to the achievement of company goals. Globalization means that all managers must learn how to manage diversity as it will only continue to increase at the work place in the future (Okoro Washington, 2012 p57). Peoples differences in the world today are reflected in the global work place today. Managing this diverse work force then becomes a critical component of human resource management. Managers must therefore possess these skills and be culturally competent in order to be tolerant of individual uniqueness and take advantage of these differences for productivity and unique solutions to business problems. Organizations need to invest in the training of all employees and managers for them to be culturally competent. This equips them with necessary skills that help them function properly in a diverse work environment (Mujtaba, 2007 p210). Motivating and Leading across Borders While domestic leaders deal with individual employees from the domestic country, the global leaders have to deal with employees from different countries (Hollenbeck, 2001 p16). The global leader needs to have more skills than what is familiar in the home country. The leader must be able to overcome the national differences and be able to embrace best practice from all over the globe. Businesses therefore need a model that can integrate national schemes and that is crucial for the recruitment and training of effective global leaders and their retention (Morrison, 2000 p120). There is increased challenges in global leadership and thus need to have leaders who are culturally understanding. The background characteristics of an individual and organization including identity, behavior, perceptions and attitudes all have an influence on business success. Conflicts arising out of the differences may stop an organization from operating efficiently (Egan Bendick, 2008 p389). The leader needs to have more knowledge across national and organization boundaries. The leader also has to consider the many stakeholders while making business decisions (Bird Osland, 2004 p4). Bingham, Felin, Black (2000) provide some characteristics of a global leader as suggested by the former CEO of Procter Gamble, John Pepper. These include ability to deal with uncertainty, to know the customers, have a good balance between being effective globally and having proper local responsiveness and being able to respond to diversity. Mendenhall Oslands (2002) in their survey classified the main competencies of a global leader in to six which included cross-cultural skills, business expertise, organizing expertise, vision, cognitive and traits and values. These skills are summarized in the table below. Goldsmith, Greenberg, Robertson Hu-Chan (2003) in their survey of 28 CEOs classified global leadership competencies in to 12 dimensions which included appreciating diversity, empowerment and developing people among others. Most of the literature in books identifies team leadership and management of diversity as key competencies of an effective global leader today. It is thus clear that leaders have to show interest and respect other peoples culture and their different views, show genuine interest in and enjoy the way they live and do things and get along well with them. Various studies on organizations show that they have there are two cultures within every organization, the first being the culture of the system and the second being the organization culture (Berrell, Gloet Wright, 2001 p84). National culture also impacts on the management of organizations in international markets. Leaders need to know of the impact the national culture has on their management behavior as it greatly affects the way they lead. Although intangible, culture greatly influences the management practices and processes in organizations. Global leaders can no longer ignore the global complexities and replace it with assumed universalism and assume only one best way to manage (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p3). Culture influences the way a leader relates with the followers (Yukl, 2006 p11). Culture may be defined as the way the mind programmed which differentiates between members of one community from another (Hofstede, 1994 p1). There may exist universal management principles but each different culture has a different management style that is influenced by the culture. The culture and values of a certain country will determine the expected leadership characteristics for that particular country. Successful leaders need to act in culturally acceptable ways to be accpted (Javidan Carl, 2004 p667). Global leaders agree that effective management of human resources is important for business success (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p11). They also agree that they will have to generate employment opportunities and business revenues from other markets outside of their organizations home countries. To be successful, they must develop global strategies for managing and motivating the human resources and thus business success and profits. An evolution of global human resources management has therefore evolved recently. Global strategies of managing people and culture helps in understanding how national and ethnic cultures influence the way organizations function. The impact of culture on organizations has led to evolution of organizations and different approaches in managing people as shown in the figure below. There is rise in demand for culturally sensitive managers and practices within organizations. Successful global companies consider nationality and ethnicity as critical components of segmentation. Culture differences in this case become one of the critical factors of competitive advantage. The products and services in a global company must be delivered in a culturally sensitive manner to each of the diverse customers across the world. The ability to effectively manage cross-cultural interactions and multi-national teams is crucial for overall organization success. Global human resource management strategies that are effective are now very important for global companies survival and success (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p13). World business continues to demand for mangers who can work with people from different countries other than where they come from. Cross cultural management shows how people work in those originations that have employees and customers from diverse parts of the world and different cultures. This management seeks to improve the interactions of the mangers, the employees, the customers, the suppliers and all other stakeholders from other countries and cultures across the world. Individuals are challenges to recognize and appreciate other peoples ways of working as ignoring could lead to serious consequences (Adler Gundersen, 2007 p14). Globalization requires that the human resource function in any organization has to respond to the changing organization needs with strategies that add greater value. It is important for multicultural organizations to have knowledge on the global business trends, culture sensitivity, and local employment policies among other areas. Effective global HRM policies are increasing becoming important (Friedman, 2007 p 158). Best practices sometimes do not yield results in some other cultures (Graham and Trevor 2000 p137). There are several theories of motivation that have been developed over time. These theories portray the cultural environment in which they were formulated and may to some extent not apply to other countries. Some of the theories of motivation include Maslows, McClelland, Herzberg and Vroom. These theories need to be looked at from a culture-conscious perspective to evaluate which ones work for which cultures. The result is that some theories seem to be more applicable in some cultures more than others (Hofstede, 1980). Global leaders have to consider the differences in the people they are managing if they are to motivate them. They cannot use knowledge from traditionally applicable theories in organizations but must continue to question this knowledge and its current application in global companies. Only when they do this will they gain the highest benefits of a motivated diverse team leading to the success of their firms. Conclusion Globalization has brought with it business opportunities at the same time challenges. The opportunities include new markets for the firms and thus new customers and profits. Some of the challenges include being able to handle the diversity of people from different backgrounds and cultures. If handled well, diversity can bring advantages to a firm by bringing in new and innovative ways of solving organization problems thus success. If not well handled, it could lead to misunderstandings and conflict. Organizations are thus demanding that global leaders have a global mindset and that they possess key competencies in being able to effectively handle diversity from employees, customers and other stakeholders. These leaders must have the ability to acknowledge and appreciate differences in people and have genuine interest in valuing these differences. This ensures that diversity becomes an asset to organizations and they can get the maximum benefits that arise from a diverse ideas and bus iness solutions. This paper has discussed diversity, the management of diversity and leading and motivating people across borders. References Adler, N. (2007) International Dimensions of Organizational Behaviour, 5th ed., South-Western College Publishing. Adler, N. Gundersen, A. (2007). International DimensionsofOrganizational Behavior. Thomson Learning. Bartlett, CA. and Paul WB. (2011).Transnational Management: Text Cases and Readings in Cross Border Management.6th ed.Burr Ridge, IL:McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Bedi, P., Lakra, P. and Gupta, E. (2014). Workforce Diversity Management: Biggest Challenge or Opportunity for 21st Century Organizations.Journal of Business and Management,16(4), 102-107. Beechler, S. and Javidan, M. (2007).Leading with a Global Mindset. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.131 169. Berrell,M., Gloet,M and Wright, P. (2002) Organisational Learning in International Joint Ventures: Implications for Management Development. Journal of Management Development, Vol. 21 Issue: 2, pp.83-100. Bird, A. and Osland,JS. (2004). Global Competencies: AnIntroduction. Blackwell Publishing Egan, ML. and Bendick M. (2008). Combining MulticulturalManagementandDiversityinto One Course on Cultural Competence. Journal ofManagementLearning Education. Friedman, BA. (2007). Globalization Implications for Human Resource Management Roles. Employ Respons Rights J ,19:157171. Friedman, TL. (2005). The World is Flat: A Brief History of the Twentieth Century. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux Goldsmith, M., Greenberg, C. L., Robertson, A., Hu-Chan, M. (2003). Global leadership: The Next Generation. Prentice-Hall. Graham, ME., Trevor, CO. (2000). Managing New Pay Program Introduction to Enhance the Competitiveness of Multinational Corporations (MNCS). Competitiveness Review, 10(1), 136154. Hofstede, G. (1994). The Business of International Business is Culture. International Business Review Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. l-14. Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, Leadership, and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad? Organizational Dynamics, 9, 4263. Hollenbeck, GP.(2001). A Serendipitous Sojourn through the Global Leadership Literature, In (Ed.)Advances in Global Leadership (Advances in Global Leadership, Volume 2)Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp.15 47. Javidan, M., Carl, D. (2004). East Meets West: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Charismatic Leadership among Canadian and Iranian Executives. Journal of Management Studies, 41(4), 665691. Morrison, AJ.(2000). Developing a Global Leadership Model. Human Resource Management; Hoboken 39.2,3 117-131. Mujtaba, B. (2007).Workforce Diversity Management: Challenges, Competencies and Strategies(pp. 207-229). Llumina Press. Okoro, E. Washington, M. (2012). Workforce Diversity and Organizational Communication: Analysis of Human Capital Performance and Productivity.Journal of Diversity Management (Online),7(1), 57. Pitts, D. Recascino Wise, L. (2010). Workforce Diversity in the New Millennium: Prospects for Research.Review of public personnel administration,30(1), 44-69. Schein, EH. (2010). Organizational Cultureand Leadership. Jossey-Bass. Trompenaars, F.and Hampden-Turner, C. (1997). RidingtheWavesofCulture UnderstandingCulturalDiversityinBusiness. Nicholas Brealey Publishing. Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations (6th ed.). Pearson Prentice-Hall.